1	Application of micro-arrays in research and diagnostics
2	Viral detection
3	DNA VIRUSES-RNA VIRUSES Viral genome = DNA or RNA DNA viruses: EBV, HPV, HBV, SV40 RNA viruses: HIV, HCV Implications for detection
4	Status Praesens Bacteria HPV HCV Herpes encephalitis
5	Indications Viruses that can not be cultured Determination of viral load Detection of viruses present in low copy number
6	HPV
7	HPV VIRAL STRUCTURE 7.9 kB double stranded DNA no outer enveloppe 100 types
8	Detection methods Ancillary techniques: Southern, Dot blot In situ hybridization: HPV, EBV, CMV PCR related techniques
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10	HPV VIRAL STRUCTURE 7.9 kB double stranded DNA no outer enveloppe 74 types
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12	Structure HPV Genome Control region Early genes: Control viral growth Late genes: Production structural proteins E6 and E7 protein: oncogenic effects
13	HPV Genotypes and oncogenic potential HPV 6/11: E6 no binding, E7 weak HPV 31,33,35, 51,52: intermediary HPV 16/18: E6 binding, E7 strong binding
14	Low and high risk types Low risk: 6,11,34,40,42,43,44,53,54,55,59,61,62,67,68, 71 and 74 High risk : 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,66,69
15	MOLECULAR DETECTION Southern blotting Dot-blot In situ hybridization Hybrid Capture Assay PCR AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES DNA ARRAYS AND DNA CHIP TECHNOLOGY
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18	Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
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20	Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Base changes present in at least 1% population define “personal characteristics”
21	Application fields Personal susceptibility Development of “common diseases” Reaction to drugs Immune response to viruses, bacteria, ..
22	P53 SNP: Pro/ARG Codon 72 Polymorphism Storey et al: higher susceptibility for developing invasive squamous carcinoma when Arg/Arg homozygous PCR amplification of p53 gene: 186 bp enzymatic digestion of PCR product depending whether pro or arg
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25	Smoking cessation CYP2B6:enzyme interfering with nicotine metabolism in brain SNP described exon 9: 1459: C-T classical type C/C SNP C/T or TT
26	Future Developments
27	Pathology
28	Pathology Expression profiling small amount of relevant mRNA diagnostical chips: “round cell tumours” prognostical chips farmacogenomics:MDR, Erb-B2
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32	Nanotechnology
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34	Classical labels Radioactive Fluorescent Enzymes
35	New “Nano” labels Particles ranging from 40 nm to 0.8 nm clusters of organometals cluster of 11 atoms with organic shell
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39	Advantages Small label no sterical hinderance sensitivity very high
40	Disadvantages Extreme small size Problem = visualisation 0.8 nm not visible even in E.M.
41	Thin Film Biosensor technology Modified silicon surface consisting of amorphous silicon, silicon nitride followed by diamond like layer Classical capture oligonucleotide tagged DNA of interest
42	BIO-SENSORS
43	Electronical chips
44	Electronical chips Classical biochip with nanolabelling connection with electronic device high capacity smart card
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